Using microorganisms (bacteria, yeast, fungi) to transform food staples such as wheat, milk or fruit into bread, beer, cheese or wine, is an age old human practice. But a better understanding of microbial ecosystems and mechanisms has progressively allowed us to control, industrialise and optimise the production of these foods. The research carried out by scientists in three world-class units - PAM, MICALIS Institute and URTAL – illustrates the t…